In this volume specialists of medieval music and philosophy put the medieval 'musica' into the context of ideas and institutions in which it existed. The significance of 'musica' cannot be understood from a modern point of view since 'music' does not match the medieval 'musica'.

The past 50 years have seen an accumulation of evidence suggesting that associative learning depends on high-level cognitive processes that give rise to propositional knowledge. Yet, many learning theorists maintain a belief in a learning mechanism in which links between mental representations are formed automatically. We characterize and highlight the differences between the propositional and link approaches, and review the relevant empirical evidence. We conclude that learning is the consequence of propositional reasoning processes that cooperate with the unconscious processes involved (...) in memory retrieval and perception. We argue that this new conceptual framework allows many of the important recent advances in associative learning research to be retained, but recast in a model that provides a firmer foundation for both immediate application and future research. (shrink)

In this response, we provide further clarification of the propositional approach to human associative learning. We explain why the empirical evidence favors the propositional approach over a dual-system approach and how the propositional approach is compatible with evolution and neuroscience. Finally, we point out aspects of the propositional approach that need further development and challenge proponents of dual-system models to specify the systems more clearly so that these models can be tested.

Health technology assessment (HTA) is often biased in the sense that it neglects relevant perspectives on the technology in question. To incorporate different perspectives in HTA, we should pursue agreement about what are relevant, plausible, and feasible research questions; interactive technology assessment (iTA) might be suitable for this goal. In this way a kind of procedural ethics is established. Currently, ethics too often is focussed on the application of general principles, which leaves a lot of confusion as to what really (...) is the matter in specific cases; in an iTA clashes of values should not be approached by use of such ethics. Instead, casuistry, as a tool used within the framework of iTA, should help to articulate and clarify what is the matter, as to make room for explication and consensus building. (shrink)

The Birth of String Theory by Cappelli et al. tells the story of the beginnings of string theory and of the evolutionary process it has undergone from its origins in S-matrix theory to its current status as a candidate unification theory. The book is intended for an audience of students and researchers in physics, as well as historians and philosophers of science with some background in quantum field theory.In the 50s and early 60s, theoretical particle physics focused on formulating a (...) theory to explain the strong interactions. Due to issues with the application of perturbative quantum field theory to the strong interactions, theoretical particle physicists shifted their attention to Heisenberg’s ‘S-matrix’ theory, which focused solely on observable quantities. This endeavour led in 1968 to the breakthrough of the famous ‘Veneziano amplitude’, which along with the Dolen–Horn–Schmid duality between the s- and the t-channels led to the dual resonance model . Following Ve .. (shrink)

This volume explores how Catholicism began and continues to open its doors to the wider world and to other confessions in embracing ecumenism, thanks to the vision and legacy of the Second Vatican Council. It explores such themes as the twentieth century context preceding the council; parallels between Vatican II and previous councils; its distinctively pastoral character; the legacy of the council in relation to issues such as church-world dynamics, as well as to ethics, social justice, economic activity. Several chapters (...) discuss the role of women in the church before, during, and since the council. Others discern inculturation in relation to Vatican II. The book also contains a wide and original range of ecumenical considerations of the council, including by and in relation to Free Church, Reformed, Orthodox, and Anglican perspectives. Finally, it considers the Council’s ongoing promise and remaining challenges with regard to ecumenical issues, including a groundbreaking essay on the future of ecumenical dialogue by Cardinal Walter Kasper. (shrink)

Studie over het denken van de Franse filosoof (geb. 1906) met name over de innerlijke samenhang van zijn werk rond het thema van de verantwoordelijkheid van de "ik" voor "de ander".

Al-Ḥasan ar-Raṣṣāṣ (d. 1188 C.E.) was one of the most prominent representatives of the emerging reception of Basran Muʿtazilism in 12th century Yemen. He composed highly sophisticated works on ontology, causality and the specific theory of attributes that has become known as the theory of "states" (aḥwāl). He is therefore a rare case of a Muʿtazilī thinker who left a comprehensive and systematised account of his natural philosophy. Jan Thiele's study makes extensive use of hitherto unexplored manuscripts, thereby providing new (...) insight into a largely unknown chapter of Zaydī and Muslim doctrinal history. Focusing on the later Muʿtazila, this book conveys a nuanced understanding of diachronic developments in the school's teachings in order to refine a rather static perception that prevails in modern scholarship. Al-Ḥasan ar-Raṣṣāṣ (st. 1188) war einer der einflussreichsten Vertreter der im 12. Jahrhundert einsetzenden Rezeption der Basraer Muʿtazila im Jemen. Er verfasste ausgefeilte Werke zur Ontologie, Kausalit t und zu jener Attributenlehre, die als Theorie der "Zust nde" (aḥwāl) bekannt ist. Somit ist er einer der seltenen muʿtazilitischen Denker, der eine umfassende Systematisierung seiner Naturphilosophie hinterlassen hat. Jan Thieles Studie beruht weitestgehend auf unerforschten Handschriften und gibt dadurch neue Einsichten in ein nahezu unbekanntes Kapitel zayditischer und muslimischer Geistesgeschichte. Durch den Schwerpunkt auf die sp tere Muʿtazila vermittelt das Buch ein differenziertes Verst ndnis f r diachrone Entwicklungen und revidiert dadurch eine in der Forschung verbreitete statische Wahrnehmung ihrer Schullehre. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:The Treatise of the Three Impostors and the Problem of Enlightenment: A New Translation of the Traité des trois Imposteurs by Abraham AndersonJan W. WojcikAbraham Anderson. The Treatise of the Three Impostors and the Problem of Enlightenment: A New Translation of the Traité des trois Imposteurs. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1997. Pp. xiv + 165. Cloth, $52.50. Paper, $21.95.This work results from a seminar, organized by (...) Richard H. Popkin, sponsored by the Foundation for Intellectual History, and held in Leiden in 1990, in which various [End Page 368] aspects of the history and significance of the Traité de trois Imposteurs were studied. As the title of the work indicates, it contains an English translation of the Traité. It also contains three short essays of commentary (the second of which is a modified version of Anderson’s contribution to the volume of essays which resulted from the Leiden seminar, Heterodoxy, Spinozism and Free Thought in Early Eighteenth Century Europe: Studies on the Traité des trois Imposteurs, edited by S. Berti, F. Charles-Daubert, and R. H. Popkin). There is a select bibliography, but no index.The Treatise consists of a critique of revelation (which is exposed as a fiction of the imagination), along with a discussion of the ways in which claims to revelation made by crafty politicians have enslaved humankind. It also includes scurrilous stories about three of the main alleged impostors: Moses, Jesus, and Mohammed, as well as a more philosophical discussion of God, the soul, and demons.The translation is of Pierre Rétat’s 1973 edition of the 1777 edition of the Traité. This edition was chosen out of a number of virtually identical editions because it is accompanied by three very brief documents related to the Treatise (“Sentiments Concerning the Treatise of the Three Impostors: Extract of a Letter or Dissertation of Mr. de La Monnoye on this Subject,” a “Response to the Dissertation of Mr. de La Monnoye,” and a “Copy of Article IX of the Second Part of the First Volume of the Mémoires de Littérature”). Anderson’s reasons for selecting this edition are sound. The accompanying documents are of interest in their own right; in addition, they are the focus of Anderson’s essays of commentary and are (as he claims) necessary for a proper understanding of the significance of the Treatise. Although earlier English translations exist (1844, reprinted 1846, reprinted 1904) they are either not readily available or are not reliable in that the manuscript original is not readily identifiable. Hence Anderson’s translation is a welcome addition to the literature for those (both specialists and nonspecialists) whose circumstances do not permit a study of the 1777 French edition.The first two essays of commentary concern political issues, as indicated by their inclusion in “Part I: The Politics of the Traité des trois Imposteurs.” In the first, entitled “On a Section of Prosper Marchand’s Private Catalogue,” Anderson refutes the claim made by Margaret C. Jacob in The Radical Enlightenment that a section of Prosper Marchand’s library catalogue shows that Marchand considered the Traité to be in the tradition of Protestant radicalism and republicanism. After a careful analysis of the works listed in this section of the catalogue, Anderson concludes that (with one exception) the books in this section constitute a bibliography of works that “either exemplify the uses of literary study for the defense of orthodoxy or belong to a literary tradition of the cynical study of those uses, or consist in a parody and public exposure of that cynical study” (81). In the second essay, “Sallengre, La Monnoye, and the Traité des trois Imposteurs,” Anderson argues that rather than being a work of radical propaganda, the Traité was part of a satirical campaign against the “conformist libertine intelligentia” (x) of Louis XIV—those who believed that the fact of imposture ought not become public knowledge because they believed that religion ought to serve to enforce the rights of monarchy.“Part 2: Philosophy in the Traité des trois Imposteurs” consists of a single essay, “Descartes the Impostor, Bayle, and the Hidden Origins of Enlightenment.” Here, Anderson explores puzzling aspects of the... (shrink)

Gent, januari 1867. Een beroemd architect die goed gelijkt op Jean-Baptiste Bethune krijgt het verzoek om een neogotische guillotine te ontwerpen. Rond die tijd beheerst de discussie over de afschaffing van de doodstraf het politieke debat in België. Datzelfde jaar treedt een nieuw strafwetboek in werking. Hoewel voorstander van de doodstraf weigert de architect op dit verzoek in te gaan. Hij reageert verontwaardigd want hij kan dit toestel, symbool van de gehate Franse Revolutie, niet rijmen met zijn ultramontaanse opvattingen. Toch (...) belooft hij dit verzoek te bespreken met zijn biechtvader, een prelaat afkomstig uit de Doornikse familie Desclée-Maredsous, met sympathie voor het gedachtegoed van de Franse theocraat Joseph de Maistre. Tegen de achtergrond van de strijd voor de Pauselijke Staten en het herstel van de christelijke Europese samenleving ontspinnen zich filosofische gesprekken over geloof, gezag en neogotiek. 'Ultramontaan' is een ideeëngeschiedenis die balanceert tussen non-fictie en fictie, zich in de traditie van filosofische dialogen plaatst maar vooral licht wil werpen op een donker hoofdstuk uit ons culturele erfgoed."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Artykuł jest efektem krytycznej analizy rozważań Francisco Suareza nt. aktów ludzkich i ich współdziałania w procesie stanowienia prawa. Celem jest uporządkowanie, rozproszonych w różnych dziełach, rozważań jezuity. Tekst inspirowany był brakiem opracowań specjalistycznych w polskojęzycznej literaturze naukowej. Badania prowadzone były na tekstach źródłowych Hiszpana: De legibus ac Deo legislatore, De anima oraz De voluntario et involuntario in genere, deque actibus voluntariis in speciali. Suarez, jako jeden z najwybitniejszych filozofów renesansowych, wywarł olbrzymi wpływ na rozwój etyki i jurysprudencji. Sam temat jest (...) ciekawy i wymagający. Wymaga m.in. zrozumienia zasad i form działania głównych władz człowieka — intelektu i woli. Na kartach De Legibus jezuita rozpatruje czynność stanowienia prawa jako złożony akt ludzki prawodawcy. Hiszpan wyróżnia łącznie 6 aktów intelektu i woli, w następstwie których może powstać prawo oraz wiele aktów pośrednich, które mają wpływ na proces. Zdaniem filozofa tworzenie prawa dokonuje się poprzez wzajemne oddziaływanie na siebie aktów intelektu, który kieruje środki do celu, oraz woli, dążącej ku temu celowi zgodnie z kierownictwem intelektu. (shrink)

Apart from the names of Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (1845-1929), Mikołaj Kruszewski (1851-1887), and, later, Jerzy Kuryłowicz (1895-1978), Polish linguists and Polish linguistics generally have been little known in the West. The first two were mentioned with approval by Saussure in an unpublished paper, and this reference was picked up by Roman Jakobson and others many years later. Kuryłowicz, for his part, made himself well known in the West through his important work as Indo-Europeanist, even Semiticist, and as a general (...) linguist. The present volume is a first attempt to broaden the perspectives on the Polish contribution to linguistics both inside and outside of Poland during the past centuries. Specialists in their respective fields contributed chapters on the origins and development of general linguistics (Z. Wąsik), applied linguistics (F. Grucza), lexicology (T. Piotrowski), dialectology (St. Gogolewski), and onomastics (S. Gala), followed by five chapters presenting the theories of the arguably most remarkable Polish linguistic thinkers, from Baudouin de Courtenay (A. Adamska-Sałaciak), Kruszewski (F. M. Berezin), and Kuryłowicz (W. Smoczyński) to Mikołaj Rudnicki (1881-1978) and Ludwik Zabrocki (1907-1977) (both written by J. Bańczerowski). Detailed individual bibliographies, a full index of names (with life dates of Polish linguists from the Renaissance to the present day), and a thorough index of subjects and terms make this volume an important reference tool for anyone wishing to acquaint himself with the rich heritage of Polish linguistic thought. (shrink)

Leibniz war gewillt, die Idee der kontingenten Wahrheiten über nur mögliche individuelle Substanzen ernst zu nehmen -unabhängig davon, ob diese Substanzen existieren oder nicht. Einer der Wege, diese Idee zu erklären, ist die berühmte Lehre von der unendlichen Analyse. Eine wichtige und verwirrende Schwierigkeit für diese Lehre ist das von Robert M. Adams erörterte Problem des Beweises mit Glück. Auch wenn der vollständige individuelle Begriff einer möglichen Substanz S sich durch Analyse in unendlich viele einfache Begriffe zerlegen läßt, ist es (...) schwerlich erforderlich, daß der Beweis für das Enthaltensein eines Prädikats F im vollständigen Begriff von 5 unendlicher Analyse bedarf: Beweise gehen schrittweise vor; es ist offensichtlich möglich, daß einige Prädikate früher und schneller hergeleitet werden als andere. In diesem Aufsatz zeigen und entwickeln wir zwei leibnizische Wege, die das Problem des mit Glück kurzen Beweises beantworten. (shrink)

Tradução para o português do ensaio "Social Morality and Individual Ideal”. Publicado originalmente em Philosophy: The Journal of the Royal Institute of Philosophy, vol. XXXVI, n. 136, p. 1-17, Jan. 1961. Republicado em: STRAWSON, P. F. Freedom and Resentment and Other Essays. Londres: Methuen, 1974. [Routledge, 2008, p. 26-44]. ]. Publicado na coletânea: Ensaios sobre a filosofia de Strawson: com a tradução de Liberdade e ressentimento & Moralidade social e ideal individual. Organizadores: Jaimir Conte & Itamar Luís Gelain. Editora da (...) UFSC, 2015. ISBN: 9788532807250. (shrink)

INHALT: a. Besprechungen von J. P. Romangs Uber Willensfreiheit und Determinismus, 1835 - b. Anmerkungen zur [geplanten] 2. Auflage [des Lehrbuchs] der Religionswissenschaft - c. Materialien - d. Zur Athanasia - e. Zur Lebensbeschreibung - f. Herbarts System - g. Ein Vorschlag zur Vermeidung vieler Missverstandnisse in der Philosophie - h. Selbstanzeige der Wissenschaftslehre, 1837 - i. Skizze einer Anzeige der Logik fur die Freimuthigen Blatter - j. Uiber Hrn. Dr. und Prof. J. S. v. Drey Apologetik, 1838 - k. (...) Besprechung von J. A. Brunings Das Daseyn Gottes, 1838 - l. Einwurfe, die gegen Bolzano's Lehren bisher zum Vorschein gekommen, 1838 - m. Auseinandersetzung mit Notizen in Allgemeiner Religions- und Kirchenfreund und Kirchencorrespondent, 1839-1840 - n. Besprechung von M. Drobischs Neue Darstellung der Logik - o. Selbstanzeige von Prufung der Philosophie des seligen Georg Hermes, 1840 - p. Zur Biographie Stoppani's, 1848. (shrink)